The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks Essay Example

The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks Essay In the August 10, 2006 news article of The Times of India, reports were made that after coming out from a cabinet meeting of the state’s Left Democratic Front (LDF) government, Kerala’s Marxist Achuthanandan said, â€Å"Neither Coke nor Pepsi can manufacture or sell their products in Kerala. Their licenses are being scrapped as well† (Surendran, 2006). Although LDF has been hostile towards the two multinational companies due to the over-extraction of groundwater by their bottling plants in Palakkad, it was the Centre for Science and Environments (CSE) campaign against alleged pesticide residues in colas produced and sold in India by Coke and Pepsi that has influenced the pronouncement. Though the cola producers might have not directly applied pesticide to the crops and instead, the traced pesticide residues might have come from the groundwater as seepage from other plants to which chemical have been applied, the fact remains that there is pesticide in the colas that are being used in Coca Cola production in India. In the latest news regarding traces of pesticides in colas in India, Sunita Naraian, a director of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) and a New Delhi-based NGO, said that â€Å"the governments own committee had found pesticides in the products† before the Supreme Court. We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She further maintains that the government must agree to fix a mandatory standard for the drinks (Surendran, 2006). Conclusion In the beginning, soda’s or soft drinks were the natural choice preferred by drinkers because they equated bubbly drinks to wellness of health. But as time progressed, various additions and revisions have been made to soft drinks, which tickled the palates of its drinkers such as changing the sweetening agents and enhancing its appearance and packaging. These are the factors that cannot be found in water which makes millions of its drinkers prefer sodas or soft drinks over water, or any other noncarbonated beverage. Further, too many of its drinkers formed the habit of consuming it because of the addictive properties contained by some of its ingredients, thus resulting in the continuous patronage of the product regardless of the health problems found to have been caused by consuming it. The manufacturing processes involved in the production of sodas or soft drinks have changed in various ways too, from backyard operation to the modern soft drink industry operation. Although primitive to our standards today, the owners back then used to make the final products by themselves and were in close contact with their customers to check for comments or criticisms and to make necessary actions accordingly before the final product is produced. In modern times, the syrup mixture is produced by the soft drink companies and then delivered to the independent bottling companies all over the world that are licensed to sell the drink. One problem that faces the industry and questions the above-explained practices of soft drink companies is the issue of the pesticide residue in colas, which are used to produce soft drinks in India. Since there is no ample supply of safe drinking water in India and companies have to get underground water to supply their production needs, there comes a problem of quality soft drink production. Since underground water is susceptible to pesticide seepage, due in part from the agricultural practices of this region, the ingredients for making soft drinks becomes susceptible to pesticide contamination as well. Here is one specific display of the effects of soft drinks in the food web. Since the primary producers, which are the plants that produce the key ingredients for the soft drinks formula are contaminated by pesticide, so will the soft drinks be affected. These soft drinks will then be consumed by people and in some cases, by pet animals. Since pesticide causes harm to the human body, it can be said that its consumption can be detrimental to human beings as a whole. This is true not only for the case of pesticide content in soft drinks in specific, but also for the other empirically proven problems that soft drink could be causing to the health of human beings such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, liver cirrhosis, osteoporosis, and many more. When human beings incur diseases due to soft drink consumption, or worse when human beings die untimely, a crucial element of the food web is taken away. It could be said that human beings are the largest consumers in the food web. In view of the worse case scenario, take them away from the system and the entire system could collapse. In a more simplistic term, soft drink consumption affects the food web because soft drinks become more preferred substitutes to the natural products of the food web such as milk, water, natural fruit juice, and even for solid food. Thus, when human beings deviate from their natural consumption pattern in terms of the food web because of soft drink consumption, the entire food web could be altered too. On a lighter note, soft drink companies have been aware that people aspire to have a healthy body. Reports linking sodas or soft drinks to obesity and to many other grave diseases are causing concern for both consumers and the makers of soft drinks. These propelled external agents to make guidelines for soft drink production, to which soda or soft drinks companies hope to comply by marketing ‘healthy sodas’. Observably, this is why the trend now is to fortify soft drinks with minerals and vitamins. However, it must still come into question whether or not these healthy options really do eliminate or minimize the negative effects of soft drink consumption in the human body, and thus in the food web too. Whatever warnings concerned organizations give to soft drink consumers against soft drink consumption, it still boils down for the public to decide whether they will continue patronizing and consuming soft drinks or not. And in as much that there has been an advent of the so-called ‘healthy options’ nowadays, there comes a need for people to develop ‘healthy decisions’. References American Association for State and Local History, Society of American Historians (1947). American Heritage. (pp. 11-12). New York, N. Y. : American Heritage Pub. Co. Bellis, M. (2007). The History of Pepsi Cola Caleb Bradham. Retrieved March 31, 2007 from http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blpepsi. htm

Argument Essay Topics of Online Privacy

Argument Essay Topics of Online PrivacyArgument essay topics of online privacy are a challenging topic to write about. It is no wonder why so many people find it a challenge to write about this, as they are not sure what the purpose of privacy is, or what they can possibly say to support their position.You can be sure that you are going to have a very difficult time writing an essay that supports your viewpoint if you have not at least an inkling of the subject matter of privacy. Many people don't understand the main facts, or even the basics of how it has developed in our society, and yet somehow they will still feel that they know all there is to know about it. If they know all there is to know, and have attempted to write about it for their argument, then you know that they do not understand it well enough to support their viewpoint.The Internet is filled with problems, and even the most experienced legal experts cannot seem to agree on the impact or effect of the new technology i s having on our society. If you want to make a convincing argument that your privacy is an issue, you need to be aware of the main facts, and know more about the subject. If you only know about the 'how' and not the 'why', then you are surely going to make mistakes when writing your essay. This means that you must have a solid understanding of what privacy is, before you write.Privacy is a concept that is not well defined, but it has been practiced in all societies throughout history. It is also a concept that has changed very little over the years. All societies have defined a limit to the public activity that is permissible and has been used to restrict certain activities in a society. For example, a society that is a democracy would not allow political candidates to use threats and bullying tactics in order to win elections, since this could negatively affect the democratic process.Privacy is therefore an important issue that is always being discussed by those who live in democra tic societies. If we look at the history of privacy in a certain culture, we will see that some measures were taken to protect it. In our society today, those same measures are being taken, however there are some groups who are fighting hard to keep those measures in place. If we are to look at the history of privacy, we will also find that it is not a concept that will disappear overnight.Privacy has been talked about and written about for as long as any culture has existed. It was considered something that should be protected from the public and kept within the community. This is the way that societies organized themselves and did things in the past.Today, privacy is being promoted by so many people in every society, because it is something that is being used as a tool of social control. If we can see the common notion of privacy in our society, then we can understand that it is a concept that will never disappear. As with the social controls of all societies, privacy is a real co ncern, and therefore it is important that we know more about the subject.You cannot believe how many people feel that privacy is a myth, and that there is no real issue regarding privacy. This is because they cannot define it properly, or because they are afraid to write about it in their essay. It is a legitimate and important issue, and you should write about it if you really feel strongly about it.

Escher essays

Escher essays Maurits Cornelis Escher was born on June 17, 1898, in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. His parents were George Arnold Escher and Sarah Gleichman Escher. They had three sons and Maurits, called Mauk for short, was the youngest. The family lived in a big and nice house named "Princessehof," which would later become a museum and hosted exhibitions of M.C. Escher's works. Young M.C. Escher and his family later moved to Arnhem. He attended elementary and secondary school there, and also in the seaside town of Zandvoort, where he lived for a while to improve his health. In 1907, he started learning carpentry and piano. In secondary school, his marks were poor except in drawing. His art teacher took an interest in his artistic talent, and taught him to make linocuts. He failed his final exam and never graduated. Also, in 1917, the Escher family moved to Oosterbeek, Holland. During this year and the following few years, M.C. Escher became very involved in literature, and began to write some of his own poems and essays. Trying to pursue a career in architecture, M.C. Escher next moved to Haarlem and began studies as the School for Architecture and Decorative Arts. There he met the artist Jessurun de Mesquita. After seeing Escher's drawings, Mesquita and the school's director advised him to continue with them. He began full-time study of the graphic and decorative arts in 1919. In 1922, Escher and a couple of friends visited Italy. He did a great deal of serious drawing in San Gimignano, Volterra, and Siena. He spent all of the spring of 1922 roaming the Italian countryside, drawing landscapes, plants, and even insects. In On June 12, 1924, Escher married Jetta in Viareggio, Italy. The new couple traveled much that year. They visited Genoa, Annecy, and Brussels. Upon their return home, Escher and Jetter bought a house just outside Rome and moved into it in October of 1925. Shortly after Escher and ...

How Teachers Can Make Effective Discipline Decisions

How Teachers Can Make Effective Discipline Decisions A major component of being an effective teacher is making correct classroom discipline decisions. Teachers who cannot manage student discipline in their classroom are limited in their overall effectiveness in almost every other area of teaching. Classroom discipline in that sense may be the most critical component of being an outstanding teacher. Effective Classroom Discipline Strategies Effective classroom discipline starts during the first minute of the first day of school. Many students come in looking to see what they can get away with. It is necessary to establish your expectations, procedures, and consequences for dealing with any violation immediately. Within the first few days, these expectations and procedures should be the focal point of discussion. They should be practiced as often as possible. It is also important to understand that kids will still be kids. At some point, they will test you and push the envelope to see how you are going to handle it. It is essential that each situation is handled on a case by case basis taking into account the nature of the incident, history of the student, and reflecting on how you have handled similar cases in the past. Gaining a reputation as a strict teacher is a beneficial thing, especially if you are also known as fair. It is far better to be strict than to be known as a push over because you are trying to get your students to like you. Ultimately your students will respect you more if your classroom is structured and every student is held accountable for their actions. Students will also respect you more if you handle the majority of the discipline decisions yourself rather than passing them on to the principal. Most issues that occur in the classroom are minor in nature and can and should be dealt with by the teacher. However, there are many teachers that send every student straight to the office. This will ultimately undermine their authority and students will see them as weak creating more issues. There are definite cases that merit an office referral, but most can be dealt with by the teacher. The following is a sample blueprint of how five common issues could be handled. It is only intended to serve as a guide and to provoke thought and discussion. Each of the following problems is typical to what any teacher may see occur in their classroom. The scenarios given are pos- investigation, giving you what was proved to have actually happened. Disciplinary Issues and Recommendations Excessive Talking Introduction: Excessive talking can become a serious issue in any classroom if it is not handled immediately. It is contagious by nature. Two students engaging in a conversation during class can quickly turn into a loud and disruptive whole classroom affair. There are times that talking is needed and acceptable, but students must be taught the difference between classroom discussion and engaging in conversation about what they are going to be doing on the weekend. Scenario: Two 7th grade girls have been engaged in constant chatter throughout the morning. The teacher has given two warnings to quit, but it has continued. Several students are now complaining about being disrupted by their talking. One of these students has had this issue on several other occasions while the other hasn’t been in trouble for anything. Consequences: The first thing is to separate the two students. Isolate the student, who has had similar issues, from the other students by moving her next to your desk. Give both of them several days of detention. Contact both parents explaining the situation. Finally, create a plan and share it with the girls and their parents detailing how this issue will be dealt with if it continues in the future. Cheating Introduction: Cheating is something that is nearly impossible to stop especially for work that is done outside of class. However, when you do catch students cheating, you should use them to set an example that you hope will deter other students from engaging in the same practice. Students should be taught that cheating will not help them even if they get away with it. Scenario: A high school Biology I teacher is giving a test and catches two students using answers they had written on their hands. Consequences: The teacher should take their tests up immediately and give them both zeros. The teacher could also give them several days of detention or be creative by giving them an assignment such as writing a paper explaining why students shouldn’t cheat. The teacher should also contact both students’ parents explaining the situation to them. Failure to Bring Appropriate Materials Introduction: When students fail to bring materials to class such as pencils, paper, and books it becomes annoying and ultimately takes up valuable class time. Most students who continuously forget to bring their materials to class have an organization problem. Scenario: An 8th-grade boy routinely comes to math class without his book or some other required material. This typically happens 2-3 times per week. The teacher has given the student detention on multiple occasions, but it has not been effective in correcting the behavior. Consequences: This student likely has a problem with organization. The teacher should set up a parent meeting and include the student. During the meeting create a plan to help the student with organization at school. In the plan include strategies such as daily locker checks and assigning a responsible student to assist the student in getting the needed materials to each class. Give the student and parent suggestions and strategies to work on organization at home. Refusal to Complete Work Introduction: This is an issue that can swell from something minor to something major very quickly. This isn’t a problem that should ever be ignored. Concepts are taught sequentially, so even missing one assignment, could lead to gaps down the road. Scenario: A 3rd-grade student hasn’t completed two reading assignments in a row. When asked why, he says that he didn’t have time to do them even though most other students finished the assignments during class. Consequences: No student should be allowed to take a zero. It is essential that the student be required to complete the assignment even if only partial credit is given. This will keep the student from missing a key concept. The student could be required to stay after school for extra tutoring to make up the assignments. The parent should be contacted, and a specific plan should be designed to discourage this issue from becoming a habit. Conflict Between Students Introduction: There will likely always be petty conflicts between students for various reasons. It doesn’t take long for a pretty conflict to turn into an all out fight. That is why it is necessary to get to the root of the conflict and put a stop to it immediately. Scenario: Two 5th grade boys come back from lunch upset at each other. The conflict hasn’t become physical, but the two have exchanged words without cursing. After some investigation, the teacher determines that the boys are arguing because they both have a crush on the same girl. Consequences: The teacher should start by reiterating the fighting policy to both boys. Asking the principal to take a few minutes to speak with both boys about the situation can also help deter further issues. Typically a situation like this will diffuse itself if both parties are reminded of the consequences if it progresses any further.

Importance of Classifying Period Cost and Product Cost Assignment

Importance of Classifying Period Cost and Product Cost - Assignment Example The period costs are normally reported in form of expenditures in the period of accounting in which they match the best with revenues, in the period of accounting and when they expire. In addition to general administrative and selling expenses, most of the interest expenses are categorized as a period expense. Mr Smith’s classification of these costs, therefore, would increase the reported earnings of the period. The classification of the period cost and product cost is hence important since the classification will ensure that the net income is properly measured during the time period in which the best match. Classifying period cost and product cost will also ensure that Mr Smith reports the proper inventory cost appearing on the balance sheet. It is also important to classify these costs since the two costs cling to the units of the manufactured or purchased products. This will increase the reported period earnings because if any unit of a product will not be sold, the produc t cost will appear as a current asset on the balance sheet since it will be reported as an inventory. The classification will also ensure that the product cost will be reported at the expense of the cost of sold goods on the income statement for the period in which the product units were sold. In addition, classifying period costs will ensure that the expenses incurred in sales and salaries of the general administration are only featured during the exact period in which those salaries were paid to the employees. This will increase the reported earnings of the company. The actions of Mr Smith to postpone expenditures to the new year such as cancelling or postponing supplier orders, delaying maintenance already planned, and cutting down on the travels and adverts of the end year is ethical enough since it was in the best interest of the company to report an increase in the end year earnings. By ordering reclassification of both the period and product costs, Mr Smith significantly increased the reported earnings since every particular period cost was to be reported in the financial year to which it relates to.  

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example What remains after establishment of the firm is managing the enterprise into a successful firm. 2. Application of technology in modern businesses cannot be underestimated. Most business processes are heavily dependent on modern technology. For instance, computer technology has made it possible for entrepreneurs to analyse market conditions, formulate market models, and integrate the various business concepts into practice. Therefore, technology is an overwhelmingly important tool for creativity and innovativeness in that great ideas can be tried and put into practice using technology. It is also important to note that successful entrepreneurs are flexible to fiscal changes in the market. Business in the modern world has become increasingly competitive and dynamic thereby demanding high degree of business flexibility. Competition may change business conditions and fiscal policies as well and therefore, successful entrepreneurs need to be well equipped to anticipate and prepare for these changes. Otherwise, it would be difficult to maintain viable business enterprises without a clear understanding of prevailing and even future market

Higher Dimensional Black Hole Corrected Tunneling Radiation

Higher Dimensional Black Hole Corrected Tunneling Radiation Corrected tunneling radiation of a higher dimensional black hole and generalized second law S. S. Mortazavi[*]1, A. Farmany1, H. Noorizadeh2, V. Fayaz1, H. Hosseinkhani1 Abstract Study the quantum gravitational effects on a higher dimensional horizon, the semiclassical s-wave tunneling radiation of black holes are calculated. It is shown that quantum gravitational effects correct the semiclassical radiation of the horizon space time. Within this background, the generalized second law of thermodynamics is applied to the black hole entropy. 1. Introduction It is interesting that that radiation of black holes can be viewed as simple tunneling phenomena. In this view, a particle-antiparticle pair may form close to a black hole event horizon. The ingoing mode is trapped inside the horizon while the outgoing mode can tunnel through the event horizon. It is interesting that this effect is a quantum mechanically and the present of an event horizon is essential (Hawking, 1975). Recently, the semiclassical analysis of this phenomenon carried out by Parikh and Wilczek (Parikh, Wilczek, 2000; Parikh, 2002; Parikh, 2004; Parikh, 2004). Parikh-Wilczek proposal of black hole tunneling radiation is based on the computation of incoming part of action for classically forbidden of s-wave emission across the horizon (Parikh, Wilczek, 2000; Parikh, 2002; Parikh, 2004; Parikh, 2004; Kraus, Wilczek, 1994; Kraus, Wilczek, 1995; Kraus, Wilczek, 1995; Kraus, Keski-Vakkuri, 1997; Berezin, Boyarsky, Neronov, 1999; Volovik, 1999;1999; Calogeracos, Volovik,1999). As a comparison between Hawking original calculation and tunneling method, it is easy to see that the hawking method is a direct method but its complication to generalization to all other space times is failed while the Parikh-Wilczeck proposal, the tunneling approaches have been successfully applied to a wide range of both the black hole space time horizon and cosmological horizon. For example, 3- dimensional BTZ black holes (Agheben, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, 2005; Wu, Jiang, 2006), Vaidya space time(Ren, Zhang, Zhao, 2006), dynamical black holes(Di Criscienzo, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, Zoccatelli, 2007), black rings(Zhao, 2006), Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes(Jiang, Wu, Cai, 2006; Zhang, Zhao, 2006; Hu, Zhang, Zhao, 2006; Kerner, Mann, 2006), Taub-NUT space time(Kerner, Mann, 2006), GÃ ¶del space time (Kerner, Mann, 2007), dynamical horizons(Di Criscienzo, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, Zoccatelli, 2007), cosmological horizons(Parikh, 2002; Medved,2002; Sekiwa, 2008), Rindler spac e time (Medved, 2002), de Sitter space time. Of course in all of these approaches the Unruh temperature is recovered successfully (Unruh, 1976; Akhmedova, Pilling, Gill, Singleton, 2008; Banerjee, Kulkarni, 2008; Banerjee, Majhi, 2008). This model is applied to not only the black hole event horizon, but also to the cosmological horizon (Parikh, 2002; Medved, 2002; Sekiwa, 2008). The black hole tunneling method was studied in different space-times and different frames and the time contribution to the black hole radiation is developed in (Chowdhury, 2008; Akhmedov, Akhmedova, Pilling, Singleton, 2007; Zhang, Cai, Zhan, 2009; Banerjee, Majhi, 2009; Akhmedov, et al, 2006; Akhmedov, Pilling, Singleton, 2008). In continue, the spectrum form of the tunneling mechanism is analyzed using the density matrix technique (Banerjee, Majhi, 2009). However the Parikh-Wilczek method is based on the classical analysis, when it comes into the high-energy regime, for example a small black hole whose size can be compared with Planck scale, the effect of quantum gravity should not be forbidden. In this case, the conventional semiclassical approaches are not proper and the complete quantum gravity analysis is required. To study the quantum gravitational effects on the tunneling mechanism it is interesting to relate the analysis under a minimal length quantum gravity scale ( Adler, Chen, Santiago, 2001; Han, Li, Ling, 2008; Farmany, et al, 2008; Shu, Shen, 2008; Wang, Gui, Ma, 2008; Setare, 2004; Kim, Park, 2007; Nouicer, 2007; Zhao, Zhang, 2006; Xiang, 2006; Dehghani, Farmany, 2009). In this paper, the black hole tunneling radiation is studied based on the generalized uncertainty principle. It is shown that the generalized second law of thermodynamics applie a bound on the tunneling radiation. 2. The corrected Bekenstein-Hawking entropy A d-dimensional spherical symmetric black hole background is defined by (1) where . The uncertainty in the position of a particle, during the emission, (2) where applying the uncertainty principle, we obtain the energy of radiated particle, (3) Where and Mpl is Planck mass. Temperature of black hole in a d-dimension space time may be obtained by setting the radiated particle mass m to. The d-dimensional black hole temperature may be obtained as, (4) where d3. Eqs. (4) shows the temperature of a d-dimensional black hole with . The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is usually derived from the Hawking temperature. The entropy S may be found from the well known thermodynamics relation, (5) From (3-5) we obtain, (6) Quantum gravitational effects of horizon may affect on the thermodynamics of black hole and modifies its usual thermodynamical behavior. Study of black hole thermodynamics in the quantum gravity theory was made using a generalized uncertainty principle (Adler, 1999; Hossenfelder et al, 2004; Maggiore, 1994; Kempf, Managano, 1997; Farmany, Abbasi, Naghipour, 2007) (7) Where lpl is the Planck length. Setting 2rh as , we obtain, (8) Solving for minimum and expanding around lpl2=0, eq. (8) reads, (9) Comparing (9) with (7) we obtain, (10) inserting (4) into (10), the d-dimensional black hole temperature me be obtained, (11) The corrected entropy S’ may be obtained from the thermodynamics relation (5), (12) 3. The corrected black hole radiation As shown by Parick and Wilczek (2000) the WKB approximation relate the tunneling probability to the imaginary part of the action (13) Where I is the classical action of trajectory. The difference between all approaches of tunneling method is in how the action is calculated. As shown by Arzano et al (Arzano, Medved, Vagenas, 2005), (14) in terms of black hole mass M and energy E, which is correspond to (15) provided the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy/area relation. Consider the above relation, eq.(13) can be written in the following general form, (16) The quantum gravity-corrected black hole entropy is given by eq.(12), so, (17) Substituting (17) into (16) we obtain, (18) which shows the corrected tunneling probability and . 4. Generalized second law of thermodynamics and modified black hole tunneling radiation Bekenstein (1981) has conjectured that the entropy S and energy E of any thermodynamic system must obey, (19) where R is defined as the circumferential radius. This bound is universal in the sense that it is supposed to hold in any matter system. The Bekenstein bound has been confirmed in wide classes of systems. However, as pointed by Bekenstein, the bound is valid for systems with finite size and limited self-gravity. Counterexamples can be easily found in systems undergoing gravitational collapse (Bousso, 1999). Another entropy bound is related to the holographic principle, which says that the entropy in a spherical volume satisfies (20) where A is the area of the system. It was shown that this bound is violated for sufficiently large volumes (Fischler and Susskind, 1998). As shown by eqs.(19-20), there is a bound on the entropy of the black hole when it related to the black hole area. While the black hole entropy bound applied to eq. (7), we obtain, (21) So, in the presence of entropy bound, eq. (16) may be, (22) Combining eq.(22) and (18) we obtain the corrected tunneling probability of black hole radiation. (23) Conclusion The semiclassical black hole tunneling radiation is calculated by the Parikh-Wilczek tunneling proposal of black hole radiation based on the generalized uncertainty principle. It is shown that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes receives a correction that affects on the radiation tunneling probability. In continue applying the generalized second law of thermodynamics to the modified black hole tunneling radiation is obtained. References Agheben, M., M. Nadalini, L. Vanzo, S. Zerbini, JHEP 0505 (2005) 014, Akhmedova, V., T. Pilling, A. de Gill, D. Singleton, arXiv:0808.3413 [hep-th] Akhmedov, E. T., V. Akhmedova, T. Pilling, D. Singleton, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22:1705- 1715, 2007; Akhmedov, E. T., V. Akhmedova, D. Singleton, Phys. Lett. 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